Indian Classical Dance – Kathak

1. Origin and History

• Roots: Kathak’s name is derived from the Sanskrit word “Katha,” meaning “story.” The dance form was initially performed by itinerant bards called “Kathakas” who traveled across villages narrating mythological and moral tales through dance, music, and expressive gestures.
• Evolution: During the medieval period, Kathak transitioned from temple performances to the courts of Mughal rulers, where it adopted elements of Persian dance and music, including more refined movements and costumes. This period also saw the introduction of complex rhythms and the development of the “Lucknow” and “Jaipur” gharanas (schools/styles) of Kathak.

2. Key Characteristics

• Footwork: Kathak is renowned for its intricate footwork (Tatkar). Dancers wear ghungroos (ankle bells) to accentuate the rhythm and precision of their foot movements. The footwork is often fast and synchronized with complex rhythmic patterns.
• Chakkars (Spins): One of the most distinctive features of Kathak is the chakkar, or spin. Dancers execute rapid, graceful spins, often in sequences, showcasing their control and agility.
• Mudras and Expressions: Kathak incorporates a range of hand gestures (mudras) and facial expressions to convey emotions and tell stories. The dance often depicts tales from Hindu epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana.
• Costume: Kathak dancers traditionally wear long, flowing skirts (lehengas) or anarkali-style costumes for women, and kurta-pajamas or angrakhas for men. The costumes are often elaborately decorated and complemented by jewelry.
• Music: The music accompanying Kathak is typically classical Hindustani music, including instruments like the tabla (a pair of drums), sitar, sarangi, and harmonium. The rhythms are intricate and require precise coordination between the dancer and musicians.

3. Gharanas (Schools of Kathak)

• Lucknow Gharana: Known for its emphasis on expression, grace, and delicate movements. The Lucknow Gharana highlights the use of bhava (expression) and abhinaya (acting).
• Jaipur Gharana: This style is known for its strong, intricate footwork and rhythmic complexity. The Jaipur Gharana often emphasizes the technical aspects of Kathak.
• Banaras Gharana: A less prominent gharana, Banaras Kathak is known for its inclusion of temple rituals and its focus on storytelling through abhinaya.

4. Themes and Stories

• Mythological Tales: Kathak performances often depict stories from Hindu mythology, particularly focusing on the lives of gods like Krishna and Shiva.
• Romantic Narratives: Many Kathak compositions explore themes of love and devotion, particularly the relationship between Krishna and Radha.
• Social Themes: Modern Kathak has also incorporated contemporary themes, addressing social issues and modern-day narratives.

5. Modern Kathak

• Innovations: In recent years, Kathak has seen innovations and fusions with other dance forms. Contemporary dancers often blend Kathak with modern dance, Bollywood, and other global dance styles, making it more accessible to a wider audience.
• Global Reach: Kathak has gained international recognition, with dancers from around the world studying and performing this classical dance form. Various dance festivals and workshops continue to promote and preserve the tradition of Kathak.